# 3.8: Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals (Jacobians)

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Learning Objectives

• Determine the image of a region under a given transformation of variables.
• Compute the Jacobian of a given transformation.
• Evaluate a double integral using a change of variables.
• Evaluate a triple integral using a change of variables.

Recall from Substitution Rule the method of integration by substitution. When evaluating an integral such as

[int_2^3 x(x^2 - 4)^5 dx,]

we substitute (u = g(x) = x^2 - 4). Then (du = 2x , dx) or (x , dx = frac{1}{2} du) and the limits change to (u = g(2) = 2^2 - 4 = 0) and (u = g(3) = 9 - 4 = 5). Thus the integral becomes

[int_0^5 frac{1}{2}u^5 du]

and this integral is much simpler to evaluate. In other words, when solving integration problems, we make appropriate substitutions to obtain an integral that becomes much simpler than the original integral.

We also used this idea when we transformed double integrals in rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates and transformed triple integrals in rectangular coordinates to cylindrical or spherical coordinates to make the computations simpler. More generally,

[int_a^b f(x) dx = int_c^d f(g(u))g'(u) du,]

Where (x = g(u), , dx = g'(u) du), and (u = c) and (u = d) satisfy (c = g(a)) and (d = g(b)).

A similar result occurs in double integrals when we substitute

• (x = f (r, heta) = r , cos , heta)
• ( y = g(r, heta) = r , sin , heta), and
• (dA = dx , dy = r , dr , d heta).

Then we get

[iint_R f(x,y) dA = iint_S (r , cos , heta, , r , sin , heta)r , dr , d heta]

where the domain (R) is replaced by the domain (S) in polar coordinates. Generally, the function that we use to change the variables to make the integration simpler is called a transformation or mapping.

## Planar Transformations

A planar transformation (T) is a function that transforms a region (G) in one plane into a region (R) in another plane by a change of variables. Both (G) and (R) are subsets of (R^2). For example, Figure (PageIndex{1}) shows a region (G) in the (uv)-plane transformed into a region (R) in the (xy)-plane by the change of variables (x = g(u,v)) and (y = h(u,v)), or sometimes we write (x = x(u,v)) and (y = y(u,v)). We shall typically assume that each of these functions has continuous first partial derivatives, which means (g_u, , g_v, , h_u,) and (h_v) exist and are also continuous. The need for this requirement will become clear soon.

Definition: one-to-one transformation

A transformation (T: , G ightarrow R), defined as (T(u,v) = (x,y)), is said to be a one-to-one transformation if no two points map to the same image point.

To show that (T) s a one-to-one transformation, we assume (T(u_1,v_1) = T(u_2, v_2)) and show that as a consequence we obtain((u_1,v_1) = (u_2, v_2)). If the transformation (T) is one-to-one in the domain (G), then the inverse (T^{-1}) exists with the domain (R) such that (T^{-1} circ T) and (T circ T^{-1}) are identity functions.

Figure (PageIndex{2}) shows the mapping (T(u,v) = (x,y)) where (x) and (y) are related to (u) and (v) by the equations (x = g(u,v)) and (y = h(u,v)). The region (G) is the domain of (T) and the region (R) is the range of (T), also known as the image of (G) under the transformation (T).

Example (PageIndex{1A}): Determining How the Transformation Works

Suppose a transformation (T) is defined as (T(r, heta) = (x,y)) where (x = r , cos , heta, , y = r , sin , heta). Find the image of the polar rectangle (G = {(r, heta) | 0 leq r leq 1, , 0 leq heta leq pi/2}) in the (r heta)-plane to a region (R) in the (xy)-plane. Show that (T) is a one-to-one transformation in (G) and find (T^{-1} (x,y)).

Solution

Since (r) varies from 0 to 1 in the (r heta)-plane, we have a circular disc of radius 0 to 1 in the (xy)-plane. Because ( heta) varies from 0 to (pi/2) in the (r heta)-plane, we end up getting a quarter circle of radius (1) in the first quadrant of the (xy)-plane (Figure (PageIndex{2})). Hence (R) is a quarter circle bounded by (x^2 + y^2 = 1) in the first quadrant.

In order to show that (T) is a one-to-one transformation, assume (T(r_1, heta_1) = T(r_2, heta_2)) and show as a consequence that ((r_1, heta_1) = (r_2, heta_2)). In this case, we have

[T(r_1, heta_1) = T(r_2, heta_2),]

[(x_1,y_1) = (x_1,y_1),]

[(r_1 cos , heta_1, r_1 sin , heta_1) = (r_2 cos , heta_2, r_2 sin , heta_2),]

[r_1 cos , heta_1 = r_2 cos , heta_2, , r_1 sin , heta_1 = r_2 sin , heta_2.]

Dividing, we obtain

[frac{r_1 cos , heta_1}{r_1 sin , heta_1} = frac{ r_2 cos , heta_2}{ r_2 sin , heta_2}]

[frac{cos , heta_1}{sin , heta_1} = frac{cos , heta_2}{sin , heta_2}]

[ an , heta_1 = an , heta_2]

[ heta_1 = heta_2]

since the tangent function is one-one function in the interval (0 leq heta leq pi/2). Also, since (0 leq r leq 1), we have (r_1 = r_2, , heta_1 = heta_2). Therefore, ((r_1, heta_1) = (r_2, heta_2)) and (T) is a one-to-one transformation from (G) to (R).

To find (T^{-1}(x,y)) solve for (r, heta) in terms of (x,y). We already know that (r^2 = x^2 + y^2) and ( an , heta = frac{y}{x}). Thus (T^{-1}(x,y) = (r, heta)) is defined as (r = sqrt{x^2 + y^2}) and ( an^{-1} left(frac{y}{x} ight)).

Example (PageIndex{1B}): Finding the Image under (T)

Let the transformation (T) be defined by (T(u,v) = (x,y)) where (x = u^2 - v^2) and (y = uv). Find the image of the triangle in the (uv)-plane with vertices ((0,0), , (0,1)), and ((1,1)).

Solution

The triangle and its image are shown in Figure (PageIndex{3}). To understand how the sides of the triangle transform, call the side that joins ((0,0)) and ((0,1)) side (A), the side that joins ((0,0)) and ((1,1)) side (B), and the side that joins ((1,1)) and ((0,1)) side (C).

• For the side (A: , u = 0, , 0 leq v leq 1) transforms to (x = -v^2, , y = 0) so this is the side (A') that joins ((-1,0)) and ((0,0)).
• For the side (B: , u = v, , 0 leq u leq 1) transforms to (x = 0, , y = u^2) so this is the side (B') that joins ((0,0)) and ((0,1)).
• For the side (C: , 0 leq u leq 1, , v = 1) transforms to (x = u^2 - 1, , y = u) (hence (x = y^2 - 1) so this is the side (C') that makes the upper half of the parabolic arc joining ((-1,0)) and ((0,1)).

All the points in the entire region of the triangle in the (uv)-plane are mapped inside the parabolic region in the (xy)-plane.

Exercise (PageIndex{1})

Let a transformation (T) be defined as (T(u,v) = (x,y)) where (x = u + v, , y = 3v). Find the image of the rectangle (G = {(u,v) : , 0 leq u leq 1, , 0 leq v leq 2}) from the (uv)-plane after the transformation into a region (R) in the (xy)-plane. Show that (T) is a one-to-one transformation and find (T^{-1} (x,y)).

Hint

Follow the steps of Example (PageIndex{1B}).

(T^{-1} (x,y) = (u,v)) where (u = frac{3x-y}{3}) and (v = frac{y}{3})

Using the definition, we have

[Delta A approx J(u,v) Delta u Delta v = left|frac{partial (x,y)}{partial (u,v)} ight| Delta u Delta v.]

Note that the Jacobian is frequently denoted simply by

[J(u,v) = frac{partial (x,y)}{partial (u,v)}.]

Note also that

[ egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial u} onumber dfrac{partial x}{partial v} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix} = left( frac{partial x}{partial u}frac{partial y}{partial v} - frac{partial x}{partial v} frac{partial y}{partial u} ight) = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial x}{partial v} onumber dfrac{partial y}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix} .]

Hence the notation (J(u,v) = frac{partial(x,y)}{partial(u,v)}) suggests that we can write the Jacobian determinant with partials of (x) in the first row and partials of (y) in the second row.

Example (PageIndex{2A}): Finding the Jacobian

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in Example (PageIndex{1A}).

Solution

The transformation in the example is (T(r, heta) = ( r , cos , heta, , r , sin , heta)) where (x = r , cos , heta) and (y = r , sin , heta). Thus the Jacobian is

[J(r, heta) = frac{partial(x,y)}{partial(r, heta)} = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial r} & dfrac{partial x}{partial heta} dfrac{partial y}{partial r} & dfrac{partial y}{partial heta} end{vmatrix} = egin{vmatrix} cos heta & -rsin heta sin heta & rcos heta end{vmatrix} = r , cos^2 heta + r , sin^2 heta = r ( cos^2 heta + sin^2 heta) = r. onumber]

Example (PageIndex{2B}): Finding the Jacobian

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in Example (PageIndex{1B}).

Solution

The transformation in the example is (T(u,v) = (u^2 - v^2, uv)) where (x = u^2 - v^2) and (y = uv). Thus the Jacobian is

[J(u,v) = frac{partial(x,y)}{partial(u,v)} = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial x}{partial v} dfrac{partial y}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix} = egin{vmatrix} 2u & -2v v & u end{vmatrix} = 2u^2 + 2v^2. onumber]

Exercise (PageIndex{2})

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in the previous checkpoint: (T(u,v) = (u + v, 2v)).

Hint

Follow the steps in the previous two examples.

[J(u,v) = frac{partial(x,y)}{partial(u,v)} = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial x}{partial v} onumber dfrac{partial y}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix} = egin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 onumber 0 & 2 end{vmatrix} = 2]

Exercise (PageIndex{3})

Considering the integral (int_0^1 int_0^{sqrt{1-x^2}} (x^2 + y^2) dy , dx,) use the change of variables (x = r , cos , heta) and (y = r , sin , heta) and find the resulting integral.

Hint

Follow the steps in the previous example.

[int_0^{pi/2} int_0^1 r^3 dr , d heta]

Notice in the next example that the region over which we are to integrate may suggest a suitable transformation for the integration. This is a common and important situation.

Example (PageIndex{4}): Changing Variables

Consider the integral [iint_R (x - y) dy , dx,] where (R) is the parallelogram joining the points ((1,2), , (3,4), , (4,3)), and ((6,5)) (Figure (PageIndex{7})). Make appropriate changes of variables, and write the resulting integral.

Solution

First, we need to understand the region over which we are to integrate. The sides of the parallelogram are (x - y + 1, , x - y - 1 = 0, , x - 3y + 5 = 0) and (x - 3y + 9 = 0) (Figure (PageIndex{8})). Another way to look at them is (x - y = -1, , x - y = 1, , x - 3y = -5), and (x - 3y = 9).

Clearly the parallelogram is bounded by the lines (y = x + 1, , y = x - 1, , y = frac{1}{3}(x + 5)), and (y = frac{1}{3}(x + 9)).

Notice that if we were to make (u = x - y) and (v = x - 3y), then the limits on the integral would be (-1 leq u leq 1) and (-9 leq v leq -5).

To solve for (x) and (y), we multiply the first equation by (3) and subtract the second equation, (3u - v = (3x - 3y) - (x - 3y) = 2x). Then we have (x = frac{3u-v}{2}). Moreover, if we simply subtract the second equation from the first, we get (u - v = (x - y) - (x - 3y) = 2y) and (y = frac{u-v}{2}).

Thus, we can choose the transformation

[T(u,v) = left( frac{3u - v}{2}, , frac{u - v}{2} ight)] and compute the Jacobian (J(u,v)). We have

[J(u,v) = frac{partial(x,y)}{partial(u,v)} = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial x}{partial v} dfrac{partial y}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix} = egin{vmatrix} 3/2 & -1/2 onumber 1/2 & -1/2 end{vmatrix} = -frac{3}{4} + frac{1}{4} = - frac{1}{2} onumber]

Therefore, (|J(u,v)| = frac{1}{2}). Also, the original integrand becomes

[x - y = frac{1}{2} [3u - v - u + v] = frac{1}{2} [3u - u] = frac{1}{2}[2u] = u. onumber]

Therefore, by the use of the transformation (T), the integral changes to

[iint_R (x - y) dy , dx = int_{-9}^{-5} int_{-1}^1 J (u,v) u , du , dv = int_{-9}^{-5} int_{-1}^1left(frac{1}{2} ight) u , du , dv, onumber] which is much simpler to compute.

Exercise (PageIndex{4})

Make appropriate changes of variables in the integral [iint_R frac{4}{(x - y)^2} dy , dx, onumber] where (R) is the trapezoid bounded by the lines (x - y = 2, , x - y = 4, , x = 0), and (y = 0). Write the resulting integral.

Hint

Follow the steps in the previous example.

(x = frac{1}{2}(v + u)) and (y = frac{1}{2} (v - u))

and

[int_{2}^4 int_{-u}^u left(frac{1}{2} ight)cdotfrac{4}{u^2} ,dv , du. onumber]

We are ready to give a problem-solving strategy for change of variables.

In the next example, we find a substitution that makes the integrand much simpler to compute.

Example (PageIndex{5}): Evaluating an Integral

Using the change of variables (u = x - y) and (v = x + y), evaluate the integral [iint_R (x - y)e^{x^2-y^2} dA,] where (R) is the region bounded by the lines (x + y = 1) and (x + y = 3) and the curves (x^2 - y^2 = -1) and (x^2 - y^2 = 1) (see the first region in Figure (PageIndex{9})).

Solution

As before, first find the region (R) and picture the transformation so it becomes easier to obtain the limits of integration after the transformations are made (Figure (PageIndex{9})).

Given (u = x - y) and (v = x + y), we have (x = frac{u+v}{2}) and (y = frac{v-u}{2}) and hence the transformation to use is (T(u,v) = left(frac{u+v}{2}, , frac{v-u}{2} ight)). The lines (x + y = 1) and (x + y = 3) become (v = 1) and (v = 3), respectively. The curves (x^2 - y^2 = 1) and (x^2 - y^2 = -1) become (uv = 1) and (uv = -1), respectively.

Thus we can describe the region (S) (see the second region Figure (PageIndex{9})) as

[S = left{ (u,v) | 1 leq v leq 3, , frac{-1}{v} leq u leq frac{1}{v} ight}. onumber]

The Jacobian for this transformation is

[J(u,v) = frac{partial(x,y)}{partial(u,v)} = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial x}{partial v} dfrac{partial y}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix} = egin{vmatrix} 1/2 & 1/2 -1/2 & 1/2 end{vmatrix} = frac{1}{2}. onumber]

Therefore, by using the transformation (T), the integral changes to

[iint_R (x - y)e^{x^2-y^2} dA = frac{1}{2} int_1^3 int_{-1/v}^{1/v} ue^{uv} du , dv. onumber]

Doing the evaluation, we have

[frac{1}{2} int_1^3 int_{-1/v}^{1/v} ue^{uv} du , dv = frac{2}{3e} approx 0.245. onumber]

Exercise (PageIndex{5})

Using the substitutions (x = v) and (y = sqrt{u + v}), evaluate the integral (displaystyleiint_R y , sin (y^2 - x) ,dA,) where (R) is the region bounded by the lines (y = sqrt{x}, , x = 2) and (y = 0).

Hint

Sketch a picture and find the limits of integration.

(frac{1}{2} (sin 2 - 2))

Let’s try another example with a different substitution.

Example (PageIndex{6B}): Evaluating a Triple Integral with a Change of Variables

Evaluate the triple integral

[int_0^3 int_0^4 int_{y/2}^{(y/2)+1} left(x + frac{z}{3} ight) dx , dy , dz]

In (xyz)-space by using the transformation

(u = (2x - y) /2, , v = y/2), and (w = z/3).

Then integrate over an appropriate region in (uvw)-space.

Solution

As before, some kind of sketch of the region (G) in (xyz)-space over which we have to perform the integration can help identify the region (D) in (uvw)-space (Figure (PageIndex{13})). Clearly (G) in (xyz)-space is bounded by the planes (x = y/2, , x = (y/2) + 1, , y = 0, , y = 4, , z = 0), and (z = 4). We also know that we have to use (u = (2x - y) /2, , v = y/2), and (w = z/3) for the transformations. We need to solve for (x,y) and (z). Here we find that (x = u + v, , y = 2v), and (z = 3w).

Using elementary algebra, we can find the corresponding surfaces for the region (G) and the limits of integration in (uvw)-space. It is convenient to list these equations in a table.

Equations in (xyz) for the region (D)Corresponding equations in (uvw) for the region (G)Limits for the integration in (uvw)
(x = y/2)(u + v = 2v/2 = v)(u = 0)
(x = y/2)(u + v = (2v/2) + 1 = v + 1)(u = 1)
(y = 0)(2v = 0)(v = 0)
(y = 4)(2v = 4)(v = 2)
(z = 0)(3w = 0)(w = 0)
(z = 3)(3w = 3)(w = 1)

Now we can calculate the Jacobian for the transformation:

[J(u,v,w) = egin{vmatrix} dfrac{partial x}{partial u} & dfrac{partial x}{partial v} & dfrac{partial x}{partial w} dfrac{partial y}{partial u} & dfrac{partial y}{partial v} & dfrac{partial y}{partial w} dfrac{partial z}{partial u} & dfrac{partial z}{partial v} & dfrac{partial z}{partial w} end{vmatrix} = egin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 0 & 2 & 0 0 & 0 & 3 end{vmatrix} = 6. onumber]

The function to be integrated becomes

[f(x,y,z) = x + frac{z}{3} = u + v + frac{3w}{3} = u + v + w.]

We are now ready to put everything together and complete the problem.

[egin{align*} int_0^3 int_0^4 int_{y/2}^{(y/2)+1} left(x + frac{z}{3} ight) dx , dy , dz &= int_0^1 int_0^2 int_0^1 (u + v + w) |J (u,v,w)|du , dv , dw [4pt]
&= int_0^1 int_0^2 int_0^1 (u + v + w) |6|du , dv , dw [4pt]
&= 6 int_0^1 int_0^2 int_0^1 (u + v + w) , du , dv , dw [4pt]
&= 6 int_0^1 int_0^2 left[ frac{u^2}{2} + vu + wu ight]_0^1 , dv , dw [4pt]
&= 6 int_0^1 int_0^2 left(frac{1}{2} + v + u ight) dv , dw [4pt]
&= 6 int_0^1 left[frac{1}{2} v + frac{v^2}{2} + wv ight]_0^2 dw[4pt]
&= 6 int_0^1 (3 + 2w), dw = 6Big[3w + w^2Big]_0^1 = 24. end{align*}]

Exercise (PageIndex{6})

Let (D) be the region in (xyz)-space defined by (1 leq x leq 2, , 0 leq xy leq 2), and (0 leq z leq 1).

Evaluate (iiint_D (x^2 y + 3xyz) , dx , dy , dz) by using the transformation (u = x, , v = xy), and (w = 3z).

Hint

Make a table for each surface of the regions and decide on the limits, as shown in the example.

[int_0^3 int_0^2 int_1^2 left(frac{v}{3} + frac{vw}{3u} ight) du , dv , dw = 2 + ln 8]

## Key Concepts

• A transformation (T) is a function that transforms a region (G) in one plane (space) into a region (R). in another plane (space) by a change of variables.
• A transformation (T: G ightarrow R) defined as (T(u,v) = (x,y)) (or (T(u,v,w) = (x,y,z)))is said to be a one-to-one transformation if no two points map to the same image point.
• If (f) is continuous on (R), then [iint_R f(x,y) dA = iint_S f(g(u,v), , h(u,v)) left|frac{partial(x,y)}{partial (u,v)} ight| du , dv.]
• If (F) is continuous on (R), then [egin{align*}iiint_R F(x,y,z) , dV &= iiint_G F(g(u,v,w), , h(u,v,w), , k(u,v,w) left|frac{partial(x,y,z)}{partial (u,v,w)} ight| ,du , dv , dw. [4pt] &= iint_G H(u,v,w) |J(u,v,w)| , du , dv , dw. end{align*}]

[T] Lamé ovals (or superellipses) are plane curves of equations (left(frac{x}{a} ight)^n + left( frac{y}{b} ight)^n = 1), where a, b, and n are positive real numbers.

a. Use a CAS to graph the regions (R) bounded by Lamé ovals for (a = 1, , b = 2, , n = 4) and (n = 6) respectively.

b. Find the transformations that map the region (R) bounded by the Lamé oval (x^4 + y^4 = 1) also called a squircle and graphed in the following figure, into the unit disk.

c. Use a CAS to find an approximation of the area (A (R)) of the region (R) bounded by (x^4 + y^4 = 1). Round your answer to two decimal places.

[T] Lamé ovals have been consistently used by designers and architects. For instance, Gerald Robinson, a Canadian architect, has designed a parking garage in a shopping center in Peterborough, Ontario, in the shape of a superellipse of the equation (left(frac{x}{a} ight)^n + left( frac{y}{b} ight)^n = 1) with (frac{a}{b} = frac{9}{7}) and (n = e). Use a CAS to find an approximation of the area of the parking garage in the case (a = 900) yards, (b = 700) yards, and (n = 2.72) yards.

[Hide Solution]

(A(R) simeq 83,999.2)

## Chapter Review Exercises

True or False? Justify your answer with a proof or a counterexample.

[int_a^b int_c^d f(x,y) , dy , dx = int_c^d int_a^b f(x,y) , dy , dx]

Fubini’s theorem can be extended to three dimensions, as long as (f) is continuous in all variables.

[Hide solution]

True.

The integral [int_0^{2pi} int_0^1 int_0^1 dz , dr , d heta] represents the volume of a right cone.

The Jacobian of the transformation for (x = u^2 - 2v, , y = 3v - 2uv) is given by (-4u^2 + 6u + 4v).

[Hide Solution]

False.

Evaluate the following integrals.

[iint_R (5x^3y^2 - y^2) , dA, , R = {(x,y)|0 leq x leq 2, , 1 leq y leq 4}]

[iint_D frac{y}{3x^2 + 1} dA, , D = {(x,y) |0 leq x leq 1, , -x leq y leq x}]

[Hide Solution]

(0)

[iint_D sin (x^2 + y^2) dA] where (D) is a disk of radius (2) centered at the origin [int_0^1 int_0^1 xye^{x^2} dx , dy]

[Hide Solution]

(frac{1}{4})

[int_{-1}^1 int_0^z int_0^{x-z} 6dy , dx , dz]

[iiint_R 3y , dV,] where (R = {(x,y,z) |0 leq x leq 1, , 0 leq y leq x, , 0 leq z leq sqrt{9 - y^2}})

[Hide Solution]

(1.475)

[int_0^2 int_0^{2pi} int_r^1 r , dz , d heta , dr]

[int_0^{2pi} int_0^{pi/2} int_1^3 ho^2 , sin(varphi) d ho , dvarphi, , d heta]

[Hide Solution]

(frac{52}{3} pi)

[int_0^1 int_{-sqrt{1-x^2}}^{sqrt{1-x^2}} int_{-sqrt{1-x^2-y^2}}^{sqrt{1-x^2-y^2}} dz , dy , sx]

For the following problems, find the specified area or volume.

The area of region enclosed by one petal of (r = cos (4 heta)).

[Hide Solution]

(frac{pi}{16})

The volume of the solid that lies between the paraboloid (z = 2x^2 + 2y^2) and the plane (z = 8).

The volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder (x^2 + y^2 = 16) and from (z = 1) to (z + x = 2).

[Hide Solution]

(93.291)

The volume of the intersection between two spheres of radius 1, the top whose center is ((0,0,0.25)) and the bottom, which is centered at ((0,0,0)).

For the following problems, find the center of mass of the region.

( ho(x,y) = xy) on the circle with radius (1) in the first quadrant only.

[Hide Solution]

(left(frac{8}{15}, frac{8}{15} ight))

( ho(x,y) = (y + 1) sqrt{x}) in the region bounded by (y = e^x, , y = 0), and (x = 1).

( ho(x,y,z) = z) on the inverted cone with radius (2) and height (2).

(left(0,0,frac{8}{5} ight))

The volume an ice cream cone that is given by the solid above (z = sqrt{(x^2 + y^2)}) and below (z^2 + x^2 + y^2 = z).

The following problems examine Mount Holly in the state of Michigan. Mount Holly is a landfill that was converted into a ski resort. The shape of Mount Holly can be approximated by a right circular cone of height (1100) ft and radius (6000) ft.

If the compacted trash used to build Mount Holly on average has a density (400 , lb/ft^3), find the amount of work required to build the mountain.

[Hide Solution]

(1.452 pi imes 10^{15} ) ft-lb

In reality, it is very likely that the trash at the bottom of Mount Holly has become more compacted with all the weight of the above trash. Consider a density function with respect to height: the density at the top of the mountain is still density (400 , lb/ft^3) and the density increases. Every (100) feet deeper, the density doubles. What is the total weight of Mount Holly?

The following problems consider the temperature and density of Earth’s layers.

[T] The temperature of Earth’s layers is exhibited in the table below. Use your calculator to fit a polynomial of degree (3) to the temperature along the radius of the Earth. Then find the average temperature of Earth. (Hint: begin at (0) in the inner core and increase outward toward the surface)

 Layer Depth from center (km) Temperature (^oC) Rocky Crust 0 to 40 0 Upper Mantle 40 to 150 870 Mantle 400 to 650 870 Inner Mantel 650 to 2700 870 Molten Outer Core 2890 to 5150 4300 Inner Core 5150 to 6378 7200

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/sub...h/Inside.shtml

[Hide Solution]

(y = -1.238 imes 10^{-7} x^3 + 0.001196 x^2 - 3.666x + 7208); average temperature approximately (2800 ^oC)

[T] The density of Earth’s layers is displayed in the table below. Using your calculator or a computer program, find the best-fit quadratic equation to the density. Using this equation, find the total mass of Earth.

 Layer Depth from center (km) Density ((g/cm^3)) Inner Core 0 12.95 Outer Core 1228 11.05 Mantle 3488 5.00 Upper Mantle 6338 3.90 Crust 6378 2.55

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu...rthstruct.html

The following problems concern the Theorem of Pappus (see Moments and Centers of Mass for a refresher), a method for calculating volume using centroids. Assuming a region (R), when you revolve around the (x)-axis the volume is given by (V_x = 2pi A ar{y}), and when you revolve around the (y)-axis the volume is given by (V_y = 2pi A ar{x}), where (A) is the area of (R). Consider the region bounded by (x^2 + y^2 = 1) and above (y = x + 1).

Find the volume when you revolve the region around the (x)-axis.

[Hide Solution]

(frac{pi}{3})

Find the volume when you revolve the region around the (y)-axis.

## Glossary

Jacobian

the Jacobian (J (u,v)) in two variables is a (2 imes 2) determinant:

[J(u,v) = egin{vmatrix} frac{partial x}{partial u} frac{partial y}{partial u} onumber frac{partial x}{partial v} frac{partial y}{partial v} end{vmatrix};]

the Jacobian (J (u,v,w)) in three variables is a (3 imes 3) determinant:

[J(u,v,w) = egin{vmatrix} frac{partial x}{partial u} frac{partial y}{partial u} frac{partial z}{partial u} onumber frac{partial x}{partial v} frac{partial y}{partial v} frac{partial z}{partial v} onumber frac{partial x}{partial w} frac{partial y}{partial w} frac{partial z}{partial w}end{vmatrix}]

one-to-one transformation
a transformation (T : G ightarrow R) defined as (T(u,v) = (x,y)) is said to be one-to-one if no two points map to the same image point
planar transformation
a function (T) that transforms a region (G) in one plane into a region (R) in another plane by a change of variables
transformation
a function that transforms a region GG in one plane into a region RR in another plane by a change of variables