# 4.1.2: Meanings of Division

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## Lesson

Let's explore ways to think about division.

Exercise (PageIndex{1}): A Division Expression

Here is an expression: (20div 4).

What are some ways to think about this expression? Describe at least two meanings you think it could have.

Exercise (PageIndex{2}): Bags of Almonds

A baker has 12 pounds of almonds. She puts them in bags, so that each bag has the same weight.

Clare and Tyler drew diagrams and wrote equations to show how they were thinking about (12div 6).

1. How do you think Clare and Tyler thought about (12div 6)? Explain what each diagram and the parts of each equation could mean about the situation with the bags of almonds. Make sure to include the meaning of the missing number.
Pause here for a class discussion.
2. Explain what each division expression could mean about the situation with the bags of almonds. Then draw a diagram and write a multiplication equation to show how you are thinking about the expression.
1. (12div 4)
2. (12div 2)
3. (12divfrac{1}{2})

A loaf of bread is cut into slices.

1. If each slice is (frac{1}{2}) of a loaf, how many slices are there?
2. If each slice is (frac{1}{5}) of a loaf, how many slices are there?
3. What happens to the number of slices as each slice gets smaller?
4. What would dividing by 0 mean in this situation about slicing bread?

### Summary

Suppose 24 bagels are being distributed into boxes. The expression (24div 3) could be understood in two ways:

• 24 bagels are distributed equally into 3 boxes, as represented by this diagram:
• 24 bagels are distributed into boxes, 3 bagels in each box, as represented by this diagram:

In both interpretations, the quotient is the same ((24div 3=8)), but it has different meanings in each case. In the first case, the 8 represents the number of bagels in each of the 3 boxes. In the second, it represents the number of boxes that were formed with 3 bagels in each box.

These two ways of seeing division are related to how 3, 8, and 24 are related in a multiplication. Both (3cdot 8) and (8cdot 3) equal 24.

• (3cdot 8=24) can be read as “3 groups of 8 make 24.”
• (8cdot 3=24) can be read as “8 groups of 3 make 24.”

If 3 and 24 are the only numbers given, the multiplication equations would be: (3cdot ?=24) (?cdot 3=24)

In both cases, the division (24div 3) can be used to find the value of the “?” But now we see that it can be interpreted in more than one way, because the “?” can refer to the size of a group (as in “3 groups of what number make 24?”), or to the number of groups (as in “How many groups of 3 make 24?”).

## Practice

Exercise (PageIndex{3})

Twenty pounds of strawberries are being shared equally by a group of friends. The equation (20div 5=4) represents the division of strawberries.

1. If the 5 represents the number of people, what does the 4 represent?
2. If the 5 represents the pounds of strawberries per person, what does the 4 represent?

Exercise (PageIndex{4})

A sixth-grade science club needs $180 to pay for the tickets to a science museum. All tickets cost the same amount. What could (180div 15) mean in this situation? Describe two different possible meanings of this expression. Then, find the quotient and explain what it means in each case. Exercise (PageIndex{5}) Write a multiplication equation that corresponds to each division equation. 1. (10div 5=?) 2. (4.5div 3=?) 3. (frac{1}{2}div 4=?) Exercise (PageIndex{6}) Write a division or multiplication equation that represents each situation. Use a “?” for the unknown quantity. 1. 2.5 gallons of water are poured into 5 equally sized bottles. How much water is in each bottle? 2. A large bucket of 200 golf balls is divided into 4 smaller buckets. How many golf balls are in each small bucket? 3. Sixteen socks are put into pairs. How many pairs are there? Exercise (PageIndex{7}) Find a value for (a) that makes each statement true. 1. (adiv 6) is greater than 1 2. (adiv 6) is equal to 1 3. (adiv 6) is less than 1 4. (adiv 6) is equal to a whole number (From Unit 4.1.1) Exercise (PageIndex{8}) Complete the table. Write each percentage as a percent of 1. fractiondecimalpercentage (frac{1}{4})(0.25)(25)% of (1) (0.1) (75)% of (1) (frac{1}{5}) (1.5) (140)% of (1) Table (PageIndex{1}) (From Unit 3.4.5) Exercise (PageIndex{9}) Jada walks at a speed of 3 miles per hour. Elena walks at a speed of 2.8 miles per hour. If they both begin walking along a walking trail at the same time, how much farther will Jada walk after 3 hours? Explain your reasoning. (From Unit 3.3.4) ## Long division In arithmetic, long division is a standard division algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit numbers that is simple enough to perform by hand. It breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps. As in all division problems, one number, called the dividend, is divided by another, called the divisor, producing a result called the quotient. It enables computations involving arbitrarily large numbers to be performed by following a series of simple steps. [1] The abbreviated form of long division is called short division, which is almost always used instead of long division when the divisor has only one digit. Chunking (also known as the partial quotients method or the hangman method) is a less mechanical form of long division prominent in the UK which contributes to a more holistic understanding about the division process. [2] While related algorithms have existed since the 12th century AD, [3] the specific algorithm in modern use was introduced by Henry Briggs c. 1600 AD. [4] ## How to Divide and Multiply Fractions This article was co-authored by Grace Imson, MA. Grace Imson is a math teacher with over 40 years of teaching experience. Grace is currently a math instructor at the City College of San Francisco and was previously in the Math Department at Saint Louis University. She has taught math at the elementary, middle, high school, and college levels. She has an MA in Education, specializing in Administration and Supervision from Saint Louis University. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. This article has 11 testimonials from our readers, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 445,061 times. To multiply fractions, all you have to do is multiply the numerators and denominators and simplify the result. To divide fractions, you simply have to flip the numerator and denominator of one of the fractions, multiply the result by the other fraction, and simplify. If you want to know how to divide and multiply fractions in no time at all, just follow these steps. ## Basics of Design By Analysis in ASME Section VIII, Division 2 How hard can it be? I’ve heard from several (unnamed) analysts that because they have access to an FEA program and have successfully applied FEA in other fields, that FEA for pressure vessels should be a snap. What is it about FEA for pressure vessels that makes it unique? I was recently discussing with another blogger regarding some distinctive aspects of performing Design By Analysis for pressure vessels. We generated several questions, and so I decided to post this in a Question & Answer format. #### When do I have to use FEA in my pressure vessel design? The short answer here is that for most situations, you probably should not be using FEA to design your pressure vessel. The rules for designing pressure vessels in ASME Section VIII, Division 1 and ASME Section VIII, Division 2 have a long history of successful application. So, wherever possible, I would recommend that you follow those rules. However, there are some situations where the rules don’t cover a specific design geometry or load that may necessitate the use of FEA. In ASME Section VIII, Division 1, that is covered in Article U-2(g), which I have discussed previously. In ASME Section VIII, Division 2, you can move between Part 4 (Design By Rules) and Part 5 (Design By Analysis) a little more easily, subject to the regulations in the locale where the pressure vessel will be located. #### What is Design By Analysis? Design By Analysis, as described in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5 is a methodical approach for demonstrating the adequacy of a pressure vessel component design. It provides detailed rules for performing analyses. The entire approach of this Code (which has changed substantially from the pre-2007 Editions) is centered on the philosophy of Protection Against Failure Modes. The Code writers (who, by the way are all volunteers) have spelled out four failure modes that require attention: • Protection Against Plastic Collapse • Protection Against Local Failure • Protection Against Failure From Buckling • Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading • Ratcheting • Fatigue For each failure mode, the analyst is presented with multiple options of how to perform the analysis that would demonstrate that the specific failure mode has been protected against. In general, these options involve an elastic method and an elastic-plastic method. For Protection Against Plastic Collapse, the elastic method uses an Allowable Stress Design (ASD) approach, whereas the elastic-plastic method uses a Load and Resistance Factored Design (LRFD) approach. #### What is stress linearization and categorization? In demonstrating Protection Against Plastic Collapse and Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Ratcheting, one of the methods provided in Part 5 is a linear-elastic method. Because not all stresses will contribute to plastic collapse or ratcheting, a stress-at-a-point limit is not meaningful. Therefore, the stresses as calculated in the FEA in specific locations, called Stress Classification Lines (SCLs), are further linearized and classified. Then, those linearized and classified stresses are compared to appropriate allowable stress limits. This is the general basis behind what is known as the Hopper Diagram (because it resembles a grain hopper), shown below. The topics of: where to place SCLs and how to validate them, how to linearize stresses, and how to classify stress is rather long and involved it generally takes the better part of half of a day for me to go through these topics in my Part 5 Training Course. #### Should I mesh my model with Solid or Shell Elements? It really depends on the type of analysis that you are performing. I have used shell elements rather successfully for demonstrating Protection Against Plastic Collapse, Protection Against Buckling Failure, and Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Ratcheting using both the elastic analysis method and the elastic-plastic analysis method. However, shell elements are generally inappropriate for demonstrating Protection Against Local Failure. Furthermore, shell elements require additional stress concentration/intensification factors to be applied when demonstrating Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Fatigue although the new Structural Stress Method for the fatigue of weldments can directly use the output from shell elements. Stress linearization is definitely easier in shell elements because they are, by definition, linear in the through-thickness direction. However, the methods shown in Annex 5-A for linearization of stresses in solid elements are straight-forward to apply. And either shells or solids may be used when applying the elastic-plastic methods for demonstrating Protection Against Plastic Collapse, Protection Against Buckling Failure, and Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Ratcheting. #### What are the limitations of the elastic analysis methods and the potential problems? The answer to this question is answered right in Part 5. Article 5.2.1.2 says: For components with a complex geometry and/or complex loading, the categorization of stresses requires significant knowledge and judgment. This is especially true for three-dimensional stress fields. Application of the limit load or elastic-plastic analysis methods in paragraphs 5.2.3 and 5.2.4, respectively, is recommended for cases where the categorization process may produce ambiguous results. Article 5.2.1.3 says: The use of elastic stress analysis combined with stress classification procedures to demonstrate structural integrity for heavy-wall ( ) pressure containing components, especially around structural discontinuities, may produce non-conservative results and is not recommended. The reason for the non-conservatism is that the nonlinear stress distributions associated with heavy wall sections are not accurately represented by the implicit linear stress distribution utilized in the stress categorization and classification procedure. The misrepresentation of the stress distribution is enhanced if yielding occurs. For example, in cases where calculated peak stresses are above yield over a through thickness dimension which is more than five percent of the wall thickness, linear elastic analysis may give a non-conservative result. In these cases, the elastic-plastic stress analysis procedures in paragraph 5.2.3 or 5.2.4 shall be used. And Article 5.2.1.4 says: The structural evaluation procedures based on elastic stress analysis in paragraph 5.2.2 provide an approximation of the protection against plastic collapse. A more accurate estimate of the protection against plastic collapse of a component can be obtained using elastic-plastic stress analysis to develop limit and plastic collapse loads. The limits on the general membrane equivalent stress, local membrane equivalent stress and primary membrane plus primary bending equivalent stress in paragraph 5.2.2 have been placed at a level which conservatively assures the prevention of collapse as determined by the principles of limit analysis. These limits need not be satisfied if the requirements of paragraph 5.2.3 or paragraph 5.2.4 are satisfied. #### What are the potential problems that can occur in the interpretation of the finite element analysis results? The linear elastic methods involve a significant amount of interpretation of the results. It is possible to interpret the stress results in an unconservative manner. The elastic-plastic methods don’t suffer from this issue. The other potential problem is in understanding the failure modes and the application of the loading scenarios for evaluating each. I addressed this issue in a previous blog post. The other potential problem can arise in the handling of fatigue of welds. There are two methods available for demonstrating Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Fatigue for welds: the Fatigue Strength Reduction Method (FSRF) and the Structural Stress Method. I have seen the FSRF method applied incorrectly more than I have seen it applied correctly it requires experience and know-how, especially in choosing an appropriate FSRF value. The Structural Stress Method is relatively new, and therefore the experience in industry with it is small. However, it is very robust and based on a wealth of experimental data. #### What is the status of elastic-plastic methods in the ASME Code? The elastic-plastic method is my preferred method for Protection Against Plastic Collapse. ASME PTB-1 states that the elastic-plastic method for demonstrating Protection Against Local Failure is the only method that is adequately robust I agree with that assessment. I have also co-written a paper which highlighted some significant shortcomings of the elastic buckling analysis methods, and therefore I tend to prefer the elastic-plastic buckling method. The elastic-plastic Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Ratcheting and Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading: Fatigue are also quite robust. Especially for low-cycle fatigue, I think that the elastic-plastic fatigue method is superior to the elastic method, because there are no factors that need to be calculated. #### Is it possible to replace the physical tests of a pressure vessel by FEA? While I am generally a big proponent of saying that models don’t prove anything in the context of design, FEA isn’t being used to prove anything, but rather to demonstrate that certain failure modes have been adequately considered. And, in the pressure vessel world, the design options are: rules, analysis or destructive proof tests. A proof test just isn’t practical for a multi-million dollar one-of pressure vessel. The methods detailed in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5 do have a significant amount of experimental data to back them up. That work is all detailed in ASME PTB-1. That said, it is never a bad idea to place a strain gauge on a vessel and validate an analysis during the hydrostatic test. The catch, however, is that FEA is typically used for determining localized stresses in regions of high stress gradient, making it difficult to place strain gauges exactly where you want them to provide that validation – on account of the finite size of the strain gauge. We do, however, recommend in-service monitoring for vessels in severe cyclic service, such as coke drums. Why is it that any analyst, with access to an FEA program and has successfully applied FEA in other fields, finds FEA for pressure vessels so difficult? What is it about FEA for pressure vessels that makes it unique? I return to my original question to conclude this post. As can be seen by some of the questions and answers, the field of FEA for pressure vessels is rather complex and filled with subtle nuances. However, the best way that I have described it to people is as follows. FEA for pressure vessels is a lot like a three-legged stool. The first leg is knowledge of mechanics of materials (including thin and thick-shell theory) and the finite element method. The second leg is working knowledge of the analyst’s particular software. And the third leg is a thorough knowledge of the pressure vessel Code. If the analyst is missing just one of those legs, they are sitting on a two-legged stool: not very useful. Based on my experience, the leg most missing is that of the pressure vessel Code. My training course takes four days just to introduce the concepts of Design By Analysis in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5. Only a few engineers have made it their career to focus on this specialty. When I field questions on the Linked-In ASME PVP discussion forum or eng-tips.com, I often recommend to people that they secure the services of an engineer who specializes in FEA for pressure vessels. And we need to ensure that engineers are using the latest Code editions, because we are constantly making improvements to the methodologies. If you would like more information on this blog you may post a comment for the author below. Or you may contact Trevor by clicking the link below. Trevor also teaches a course titled ASME Section VIII, Division 2 – Part 5, Design-By-Analysis. View Becht Training. ## Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules, with stem cells at the periphery of the tube and the spermatozoa at the lumen of the tube. Immediately under the capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated cells. These stem cells, called spermatogonia (singular: spermatagonium), go through mitosis with one offspring going on to differentiate into a sperm cell, while the other gives rise to the next generation of sperm. Figure (PageIndex<1>): Spermatogenesis: During spermatogenesis, four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte, which divides into two haploid secondary spermatocytes these cells will go through a second meiotic division to produce four spermatids. Meiosis begins with a cell called a primary spermatocyte. At the end of the first meiotic division, a haploid cell is produced called a secondary spermatocyte. This haploid cell must go through another meiotic cell division. The cell produced at the end of meiosis is called a spermatid. When it reaches the lumen of the tubule and grows a flagellum (or &ldquotail&rdquo), it is called a sperm cell. Four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte that goes through meiosis. Stem cells are deposited during gestation and are present at birth through the beginning of adolescence, but in an inactive state. During adolescence, gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary cause the activation of these cells and the production of viable sperm. This continues into old age. Block Reason: Access from your area has been temporarily limited for security reasons. Sat, 3 Jul 2021 16:36:34 GMT ### About Wordfence Wordfence is a security plugin installed on over 3 million WordPress sites. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. You can also read the documentation to learn about Wordfence's blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com to learn more about Wordfence. Generated by Wordfence at Sat, 3 Jul 2021 16:36:34 GMT. Your computer's time: . ## 4.5 Greater | and Lesser &¶ These atomic binary operators follow the same type promotion and compatibility rules as arithmetic operators. They are defined for all values with underlying numeric values but are not defined for symbols and GUIDs. The Greater operator | returns the larger of its operands this reduces to logical “or” for binary operands. The Lesser operator & returns the smaller of its operands, which reduces to logical “and” for binary operands. Being atomic they operate item-wise on lists. For readability of logical operations on binary data, | can also be written as or and & can be written as and . ## SDG Indicators The metadata available in this repository is a work in progress. It reflects the latest reference metadata information provided by the UN System and other international organizations on data and statistics for the Tier I and II indicators in the global indicator framework. This repository will be further updated and periodically reviewed in cooperation with the respective data compilers. Please send your feedback and suggestions for improvements to [email protected] #### Search #### Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere ##### Target 1.1: By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than$1.25 a day
• Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of the population living below the international poverty line by sex, age, employment status and geographic location (urban/rural)
##### Target 1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
• Indicator 1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age
##### Target 1.3: Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
• Indicator 1.3.1: Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable
##### Target 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
Indicator 1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services
##### Target 1.5: By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
• Indicator 1.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
##### Target 1.a: Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
• Indicator 1.a.1: Total official development assistance grants from all donors that focus on poverty reduction as a share of the recipient country’s gross national income

#### Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

##### Target 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
• Indicator 2.1.1: Prevalence of undernourishment
##### Target 2.2: By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons
• Indicator 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age
##### Target 2.3: By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
##### Target 2.4: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
##### Target 2.5: By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed
• Indicator 2.5.1: Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities
##### Target 2.a: Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
• Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures

#### Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

##### Target 3.1: By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
• Indicator 3.1.1: Maternal mortality ratio
##### Target 3.3: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
• Indicator 3.3.1: Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations
##### Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
• Indicator 3.4.1: Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease
##### Target 3.5: Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
• Indicator 3.5.1: Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders
##### Target 3.7: By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
• Indicator 3.7.1: Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods
##### Target 3.8: Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
• Indicator 3.8.1: Coverage of essential health services
##### Target 3.9: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
• Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution
##### Target 3.a: Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
• Indicator 3.a.1: Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older
##### Target 3.b: Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non‑communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all
• Indicator 3.b.1: Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme
##### Target 3.d: Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks
• Indicator 3.d.1: International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness

#### Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

##### Target 4.1: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
• Indicator 4.1.1: Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3 (b) at the end of primary and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex
##### Target 4.2: By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre‑primary education so that they are ready for primary education
• Indicator 4.2.1: Proportion of children aged 24–59 months who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sex
##### Target 4.3: By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
• Indicator 4.3.1: Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex
##### Target 4.4: By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
• Indicator 4.4.1: Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill
##### Target 4.5: By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
• Indicator 4.5.1: Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated
##### Target 4.6: By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy
• Indicator 4.6.1: Proportion of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex
##### Target 4.7: By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
• Indicator 4.7.1: Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies (b) curricula (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment
##### Target 4.a: Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all
• Indicator 4.a.1: Proportion of schools offering basic services, by type of service
##### Target 4.b: By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries
• Indicator 4.b.1: Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study
##### Target 4.c: By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States
• Indicator 4.c.1: Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications, by education level

#### Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

##### Target 5.1: End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
Indicator 5.1.1: Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex
##### Target 5.2: Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
• Indicator 5.2.1: Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age
• ##### Target 5.3: Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
• Indicator 5.3.1: Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18
##### Target 5.4: Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate
• Indicator 5.4.1: Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location
##### Target 5.5: Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life
• Indicator 5.5.1: Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments
##### Target 5.6: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
• Indicator 5.6.1: Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care
• ##### Target 5.a: Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws
Indicator 5.a.1: (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure
##### Target 5.b: Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women
• Indicator 5.b.1: Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex
##### Target 5.c: Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
Indicator 5.c.1: Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment

#### Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

##### Target 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
• Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
##### Target 6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
• Indicator 6.2.1: Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water
##### Target 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
• Indicator 6.3.1: Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely treated
##### Target 6.4: By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
• Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
##### Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
• Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management
##### Target 6.6: By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
• Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
##### Target 6.a: By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
• Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
##### Target 6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
• Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management

#### Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

##### Target 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
• Indicator 7.2.1: Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption
##### Target 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
• Indicator 7.3.1: Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP
##### Target 7.a: By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
Indicator 7.a.1: International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems
##### Target 7.b: By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support
• Indicator 7.b.1: Installed renewable energy-generating capacity in developing countries (in watts per capita)

#### Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

##### Target 8.2: Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
• Indicator 8.2.1: Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person
##### Target 8.3: Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services
• Indicator 8.3.1: Proportion of informal employment in total employment, by sector and sex
##### Target 8.4: Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10‑Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead
• Indicator 8.4.1: Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP
##### Target 8.5: By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
• Indicator 8.5.1: Average hourly earnings of employees, by sex, age, occupation and persons with disabilities
##### Target 8.6: By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
• Indicator 8.6.1: Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) not in education, employment or training
##### Target 8.7: Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
• Indicator 8.7.1: Proportion and number of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour, by sex and age
##### Target 8.8: Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
• Indicator 8.8.1: Fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries per 100,000 workers, by sex and migrant status
##### Target 8.9: By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
Indicator 8.9.1: Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate
##### Target 8.10: Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all
• Indicator 8.10.1: (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults
##### Target 8.b: By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization
• Indicator 8.b.1: Existence of a developed and operationalized national strategy for youth employment, as a distinct strategy or as part of a national employment strategy

#### Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

##### Target 9.1: Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
• Indicator 9.1.1: Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road
##### Target 9.2: Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries
• Indicator 9.2.1: Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita
##### Target 9.3: Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets
• Indicator 9.3.1: Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value added
##### Target 9.5: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending
• Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP
##### Target 9.a: Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
• Indicator 9.a.1: Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure
##### Target 9.b: Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
• Indicator 9.b.1: Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added
##### Target 9.c: Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020
• Indicator 9.c.1: Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology

#### Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

##### Target 10.1: By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
• Indicator 10.1.1: Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population
##### Target 10.2: By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
Indicator 10.2.1: Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
##### Target 10.3: Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard
Indicator 10.3.1: Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law
##### Target 10.6: Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions
• Indicator 10.6.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations
##### Target 10.7: Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
• Indicator 10.7.1: Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of monthly income earned in country of destination
##### Target 10.a: Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements
• Indicator 10.a.1: Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports from least developed countries and developing countries with zero-tariff
##### Target 10.b: Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes
• Indicator 10.b.1: Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows)
##### Target 10.c: By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
• Indicator 10.c.1: Remittance costs as a proportion of the amount remitted

#### Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

##### Target 11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
• Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing
##### Target 11.2: By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
Indicator 11.2.1: Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
##### Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
Indicator 11.3.1: Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate
##### Target 11.4: Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
• Indicator 11.4.1: Total per capita expenditure on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by source of funding (public, private), type of heritage (cultural, natural) and level of government (national, regional, and local/municipal)
##### Target 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
• Indicator 11.5.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
##### Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
• Indicator 11.6.1: Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities
##### Target 11.7: By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
• Indicator 11.7.1: Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
##### Target 11.a: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
• Indicator 11.a.1: Number of countries that have national urban policies or regional development plans that (a) respond to population dynamics (b) ensure balanced territorial development and (c) increase local fiscal space
##### Target 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
• Indicator 11.b.1: Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
##### Target 11.c: Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
Indicator 11.c.1:
No indicator is currently listed under 11.c. See E/CN.3/2020/2, paragraph 23.
No data for this indicator is currently available and its methodology is still under development, please seeTier III Work Plan webpage .

#### Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

##### Target 12.1: Implement the 10‑Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries
• Indicator 12.1.1: Number of countries developing, adopting or implementing policy instruments aimed at supporting the shift to sustainable consumption and production
##### Target 12.2: By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
• Indicator 12.2.1: Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP
##### Target 12.3: By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
• Indicator 12.3.1: (a) Food loss index and (b) food waste index
##### Target 12.4: By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
• Indicator 12.4.1: Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement
##### Target 12.5: By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
• Indicator 12.5.1: National recycling rate, tons of material recycled
##### Target 12.6: Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle
• Indicator 12.6.1: Number of companies publishing sustainability reports
##### Target 12.7: Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities
• Indicator 12.7.1: Degree of sustainable public procurement policies and action plan implementation
##### Target 12.8: By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
• Indicator 12.8.1: Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies (b) curricula (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment
##### Target 12.a: Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
• Indicator 12.a.1: Installed renewable energy-generating capacity in developing countries (in watts per capita)
##### Target 12.b: Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
• Indicator 12.b.1: Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism sustainability
##### Target 12.c: Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities
Indicator 12.c.1: Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies (production and consumption) per unit of GDP

#### Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts[b]

##### Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
• Indicator 13.1.1: Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
• ##### Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
• Indicator 13.2.1: Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
##### Target 13.3: Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
• Indicator 13.3.1: Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies (b) curricula (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment
##### Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
• Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications, as reported to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

#### Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

##### Target 14.1: By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution
• Indicator 14.1.1: (a) Index of coastal eutrophication and (b) plastic debris density
##### Target 14.2: By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
• Indicator 14.2.1: Number of countries using ecosystem-based approaches to managing marine areas
##### Target 14.3: Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
Indicator 14.3.1: Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
##### Target 14.4: By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics
• Indicator 14.4.1: Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels
##### Target 14.5: By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information
• Indicator 14.5.1: Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas
##### Target 14.6: By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation4
Indicator 14.6.1: Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
##### Target 14.7: By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
Indicator 14.7.1: Sustainable fisheries as a proportion of GDP in small island developing States, least developed countries and all countries
##### Target 14.a: Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries
• Indicator 14.a.1: Proportion of total research budget allocated to research in the field of marine technology
##### Target 14.b: Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
Indicator 14.b.1: Degree of application of a legal/regulatory/ policy/institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries
##### Target 14.c: Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph𧆞 of “The future we want”
• Indicator 14.c.1: Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources

#### Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

##### Target 15.1: By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
• Indicator 15.1.1: Forest area as a proportion of total land area
##### Target 15.2: By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
• Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
##### Target 15.4: By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development
• Indicator 15.4.1: Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity
##### Target 15.6: Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed
• Indicator 15.6.1: Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits
##### Target 15.7: Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
Indicator 15.7.1: Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked
##### Target 15.8: By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
Indicator 15.8.1: Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species
##### Target 15.9: By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
• Indicator 15.9.1: (a) Number of countries that have established national targets in accordance with or similar to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in their national biodiversity strategy and action plans and the progress reported towards these targets and (b) integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
##### Target 15.a: Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
• Indicator 15.a.1: (a) Official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments
##### Target 15.b: Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
• Indicator 15.b.1: (a) Official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments
##### Target 15.c: Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities
Indicator 15.c.1: Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked

#### Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

##### Target 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
• Indicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age
• ##### Target 16.2: End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
• Indicator 16.2.1: Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month
##### Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
• Indicator 16.3.1: Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms
##### Target 16.4: By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
• Indicator 16.4.1: Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)
• ##### Target 16.5: Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
• Indicator 16.5.1: Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months
##### Target 16.6: Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
Indicator 16.6.1: Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)
##### Target 16.7: Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
Indicator 16.7.1: Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures (b) the public service and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups
##### Target 16.8: Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance
• Indicator 16.8.1: Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations
##### Target 16.9: By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
• Indicator 16.9.1: Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age
##### Target 16.10: Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements
• Indicator 16.10.1: Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months
##### Target 16.a: Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
• Indicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles
##### Target 16.b: Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development
Indicator 16.b.1: Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law

#### Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

##### Target 17.1: Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
• Indicator 17.1.1: Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP, by source
##### Target 17.2: Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries
• Indicator 17.2.1: Net official development assistance, total and to least developed countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors’ gross national income (GNI)
##### Target 17.3: Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
• Indicator 17.3.1: Foreign direct investment, official development assistance and South-South cooperation as a proportion of gross national income
##### Target 17.4: Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress
• Indicator 17.4.1: Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services
##### Target 17.5: Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries
• Indicator 17.5.1: Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including the least developed countries
##### Target 17.6: Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism
• Indicator 17.6.1: Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed
##### Target 17.7: Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed
• Indicator 17.7.1: Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies
##### Target 17.8: Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology
• Indicator 17.8.1: Proportion of individuals using the Internet
##### Target 17.9: Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
• Indicator 17.9.1: Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries
##### Target 17.11: Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020
• Indicator 17.11.1: Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports
##### Target 17.12: Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access
• Indicator 17.12.1: Weighted average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States
##### Target 17.14: Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
• Indicator 17.14.1: Number of countries with mechanisms in place to enhance policy coherence of sustainable development
##### Target 17.15: Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development
• Indicator 17.15.1: Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools by providers of development cooperation
##### Target 17.16: Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, in particular developing countries
• Indicator 17.16.1: Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals
##### Target 17.17: Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
• Indicator 17.17.1: Amount in United States dollars committed to public-private partnerships for infrastructure
##### Target 17.18: By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts
• Indicator 17.18.1: Statistical capacity indicator for Sustainable Development Goal monitoring
The IAEG-SDGs is currently reviewing a statistical capacity indicator for 17.18.1.
##### Target 17.19: By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries
• Indicator 17.19.1: Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countries

This is the official website of the United Nations providing information on the development and implementation of an indicator framework for the follow up and review of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It is maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), a division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA).

## Use factors to help with division

Our biggest fear as parents, when it comes to helping children with maths at home, is that we&rsquoll teach them the wrong way and confuse them further! One useful strategy we use in the classroom today, that may be new to you, is breaking down the numbers that the larger number is being divided by. This is known as using factors to help.
For example:

120 ÷ 20 is the same as 120 ÷ 2 ÷ 10
120 ÷ 2 = 60
60 ÷ 10 = 6
So 120 ÷ 20 = 6

## Where to Find Inverse Calculator

At best, the scientific calculator employs an excellent approximation for the majority of numbers. Finding the partial derivative of a function is very simple should you already understand how to do a normal derivative (a normal derivative is called an ordinary derivative because there is just one independent variable that may be differentiated). You'll most likely be requested to graph piecewise functions.

The denominator is going to be the numerator of the very first factor. Of course, whenever the gcd of two integers is 1, they're coprime. The inverse isn't a function.

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